AI governance is the framework of policies, roles, processes, and technical controls that determines how an organization builds, deploys, and monitors artificial intelligence. AI compliance is the practice of proving that those AI systems meet external requirements such as the EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 42001, the NIST AI Risk Management Framework, and data protection laws like India's DPDP Act. Together, they form the operational foundation of responsible AI, where every model has a clear owner, a documented risk profile, and controls that can be audited.
The two disciplines are closely related, but they solve different problems. Governance is internal and continuous, defining who approves a model, which data it may use, and how it is monitored after launch. Compliance is external and evidence driven, converting regulatory obligations into documentation, test records, and audit trails that regulators and customers can verify.